December 2014
This artist’s impression shows what NASA’s HAVOC plan for a human colony on Venus would look like over the clouds of the planet.
Venus has a surface temperature hot enough to melt lead and its atmospheric pressure is the equivalent of diving a mile underwater. This artist’s impression shows a lighting storm seen from the planet’s atmosphere.
The Galileo spacecraft took this picture of cloudy Venus. The planet is similar to Earth in size and mass – and so is sometimes referred to as Earth’s sister planet – but it has a quite different climate.
The planet is constantly shrouded in thick clouds and a runaway greenhouse effect is ongoing.
An ultraviolet image taken from NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft shows Venus at the top left of the sun.
Venus transiting in front of the Sun.
The blue color of this image is used to show contrasts in cloud patterns. This image was taken with a violet filter.
The Magellan probe orbited Venus from 1990 to 1994 and peered through the clouds: this image was created by emitting and re-detecting cloud-penetrating radar.
Surface views of Venus. The center image is centered at the north pole. The other four are centered around the equator.
This image is part of the first color panoramic view from Venus. A TV camera on the Soviet Venera 13 lander that parachuted to the surface in 1982 transmitted it.
- NASA is studying the possibility of sending a manned mission into the relatively benign atmosphere of Venus
- The concept involves sending an aeroshell that would contain a folded helium airship in the planet’s atmosphere
- At 30 miles above the planet’s surface, the gravity, atmosphere and radiation protection is similar to that of Earth
- The space agency says the mission could involve creating a floating blimp city for a permanent manned presence
Editor’s note: Tomorrow Transformed explores innovative approaches and opportunities available in business and society through technology.
(CNN) — Imagine a blimp city floating 30 miles above the scorching surface of Venus — a home for a team of astronauts studying one of the solar system’s most inhospitable planets.
NASA is currently doing just that; floating a concept that could one day see a 30-day manned mission to Earth’s closest planetary neighbor.
Eventually, the mission could involve a permanent human presence suspended above the planet.
Deep heat
NASA’s floating ‘habitat’ above Venus?
Also known as the morning star, and named after the goddess of love and beauty because it shone the brightest of the five planets known to ancient astronomers, Venus is a hot, sulphurous, hellish place whose surface has more volcanoes than any other planet in the solar system.
With a mean temperature of 462 degrees Celsius (863 degrees Fahrenheit), an atmospheric pressure 92 times greater than Earth’s and a cloud layer of sulphuric acid, even probes to Venus have lasted little more than two hours. Its surface is hot enough to melt lead and its atmospheric pressure is the equivalent of diving a mile underwater.
But above this cauldron of carbon dioxide at an altitude of 50km (30 miles) scientists say the conditions are as close to Earth’s as you’ll find anywhere in the solar system.
The gravity at this altitude is only slightly lower than that of Earth, its atmospheric pressure is similar and the aerospace provides enough protection from solar radiation to make it no more dangerous than taking a trip to Canada.
Creating HAVOC
Known at NASA as HAVOC – High Altitude Venus Operational Concept – engineers and scientists at the Systems Analysis and Concepts Directorate at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, have been working on a preliminary feasibility study on how robots and humans could make a Venus mission a reality.
“The atmosphere of Venus is an exciting destination for both further scientific study and future human exploration,” said aerospace engineer Christopher A. Jones of the Space Mission Analysis Branch.
“One concept is a lighter-than-air vehicle that could carry either a host of instruments and probes, or a habitat and ascent vehicle for a crew of two astronauts to explore Venus for up to a month.”
He said the study showed the mission would require less time to complete than crewed missions to other planets and could even be a practice run for a Mars mission.
Closer to Earth
Venus has the advantage of being much closer to Earth. Its minimum distance to Earth is 38 million kilometers, compared with 54.6 million to Mars.
“The kind of multi-decade mission that we believe could succeed would be an evolutionary program for the exploration of Venus, with focus on the mission architecture and vehicle concept for a 30-day crewed mission into Venus’s atmosphere,” he said.
At the heart of the concept is the logistically difficult task of sending a spacecraft into the atmosphere of Venus without landing it.
The HAVOC model involves placing the astronauts inside an ‘aeroshell’ that would enter the atmosphere at 4,500 miles per hour.
Decelerating during its descent to just 450 meters per second and then deploying a parachute, the shell would fall away to reveal a folded airship. Robotic arms would unfurl the blimp which would be inflated with helium to allow the airship to float 30 miles above the planet’s fiery surface.
Jones said the key technical challenges for the mission include performing the “aerocapture” maneuvers at Venus and Earth (the process of entering the orbit of both planets), inserting and inflating the airships, and protecting the solar panels and structure from the sulphuric acid in the atmosphere.
“With advances in technology and further refinement of the concept, missions to the Venusian atmosphere can expand humanity’s future in space,” he said.
Permanent mission
Ultimately, NASA could seek a permanent manned presence in Venus’s atmosphere.
Christopher A. Jones
Suspended in a gondola beneath the airships, astronauts would not have to contend with the physical challenges of zero gravity, where weightlessness causes muscles to wither and bones to demineralize.
And at a mere 167 degrees Fahrenheit (75 degrees Celsius) — just 30 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth — even current technology has the ability to contend with everything that Venus could throw at the mission.
Even so, HAVOC is envisioned as a multi-phase campaign and robotic missions would have to be sent to test technologies and better understand the atmosphere.
While NASA has no current plans to fund the concept, the Langley-based team continues its work with the hope the space agency could make the plan come to fruition within several decades.
“Eventually, a short duration human mission would allow us to gain experience having humans live at another world, with the hope that it would someday be possible to live in the atmosphere permanently,” Jones said.
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Snapscan is a mobile payments system that works using QR codes. The South Africa based startup won MTN App of the Year in 2013 and used the prize money to set up all of Cape Town’s Big Issue magazine vendors with “snapcodes” so that they can accept payments via the app.
Riders from Sendy’s fleet of bike couriers. The Kenya-based startup offers an Uber-style motorbike delivery service that gives customers the ability to track where their delivery is in real time via a phone app.
A screen grab from the Sendy app shows what the courier tracking system looks like.
Gamsole’s Traffic Jam game for Windows phones. The Nigerian startup is the poster child for African game developers — their games have been downloaded nine million times globally since launch.
Gamsole founder Abiola Olaniran. The Nigeria-based game developer recently received an innovation grant from Microsoft and launched a talent competition for illustrators and designers.
Nigeria-based startup Delivery Science is all about using data and analytics to help Africa’s nascent e-commerce sector manage inventory and delivery more efficiently.
Kenya-based Angani hopes to grab a chunk of the burgeoning cloud-computing market in Kenya — and in future across East Africa — by offering an affordable “pay-as-you-go” service. Pictured are Angani co-founder Phares Kariuki (front) and Chief Technical Officer Brian Muita in the company’s data center.
South African businessman and Wyzetalk co-founder Gys Kappers. Wyzetalk is an invite-only social platform for business, which allows workers to collaborate more efficiently. It is currently used by companies in industries across travel and tourism, food and drink and technology.
BRCK is a black box that contains a self-powered, mobile WiFi device. Its creators describe it as “a backup generator for the internet” and say they designed it with the aim of solving Africa’s connectivity issues.
The huge potential impact and scale of BRCK powered it to a $ 1.2 million seed funding round, after raising $ 172,000 in a Kickstarter campaign in 2013.
- This year, African entrepreneurs built businesses that can solve the continent’s problems
- Founder of African tech blog Techloy.com, Loy Okezie names his 10 top startups of 2014
- List includes, Uber-style motorbike delivery, pay-as-you-go cloud computing
- Other big hitters: Snapscan mobile payments, Gamsole game developers
Editor’s note: Nigerian new media entrepreneur Loy Okezie is the Founder and Chief Editorial Officer of Techloy.com, a leading source of technology news, opinion and analysis.
Lagos, Nigeria (CNN) — 2014 has been another amazing year for startups in Africa.
More and more entrepreneurs turned their attention to building businesses that can solve the continent’s problems and provide services it has long awaited.
Enterprises emerged to fix problems in payments, traffic and talent, while more entrepreneurs raised more money from investors than ever before.
Here, in no particular order are 10 of the most exciting young companies of the year.
The list includes the startups I consider to have the most potential, to be the most viable — not necessarily the most popular or hyped.
Where: Kenya
In a nutshell: Uber-style motorbike delivery service.
What’s unique: Africa has delivery services and courier services but never before Uber-style so you can track exactly where the deliver rider is via your phone app.
Sending packages is usually expensive and difficult in big, congested African cities like Nairobi and Lagos. Many people use motorbikes to get to work to avoid getting stuck in traffic, so using motorbikes for deliveries is a smart, cheap, local solution.
Future moves: Sendy is in a very strong position because e-commerce is growing and at some point those kinds of sites could integrate with companies like Sendy. It could also potentially be acquired by a foreign company, perhaps Amazon, if they decide to expand to Kenya or South Africa and want to invest in a delivery service that understands the terrain.
Where: Kenya, East Africa region
In a nutshell: Pay-as-you-go cloud computing
What’s unique: This is nothing new internationally, but the cloud computing space in Kenya is nascent. Angani are coming into the market trying to make prices affordable. What makes it cool is that you pay for what you use. You choose a plan and go.
Future moves: It may be difficult for Angani to scale in a short time, given that all of their competitors in this new and growing market are established players. It remains to be seen whether their tactic of driving competition with low prices will attract enough customers.
Where: Nigeria
In a nutshell: Mobile payments without internet
What’s unique: Their offering — mobile payments over mobile networks — is unique. It’s something that hasn’t been done before. Making mobile payments over the internet can often be an issue in Africa, so Irofit are leveraging more widespread mobile networks.
Future moves: They launched very recently, and no one has used the app yet. But Irofit raised $ 600,000 in just six months earlier this year, showing that there are big players who think the startup has real potential.
Where: South Africa
In a nutshell: Invite-only social platform for business
What’s unique: A business platform for companies to help their employees to more effectively communicate. Staff can use the platform to collaborate on projects, set up meetings, instant message, share files and more.
Future moves: Wyzetalk has been around since 2011, but they have built the company steadily, winning round after round of funding, which shows they must be doing something right. It is currently used by companies from a variety of industries including travel and tourism, tech and food and drink. They have a very solid model and are likely to keep growing.
Where: Nigeria, Global
In a nutshell: Gaming company
What’s unique: Celebrated as the biggest success story of any African game developers, this startup has been developing games in the Windows phone market for a couple of years. Gamsole was incubated in the 88mph accelerator and since then their games have seen 9 million downloads globally.
Future moves: Gamsole recently received an innovation grant from Microsoft and are looking for new talent with a recently launched competition for illustrators and designers that offers $ 4,000 to the winner. They are also yet to launch a global smash hit game.
Where: South Africa
In a nutshell: Make payments via your mobile phone
What’s unique: A service, not dissimilar to Apple Pay, which allows people to make payments with their mobile phone by simply taking a photo of a QR code and punching in the amount they want to pay.
Future moves: Less than a year after launch, the system was being used by 12,000 small businesses. There is huge potential for this service: There is an appetite for convenience in payments and there is an opportunity to leverage on Africa being mobile first. They have the potential to expand into other markets and maybe even compete with Apple Pay and Google Wallet.
Where: Nigeria
In a nutshell: Delivering smarter using big data
What’s unique: This startup is all about using big data and analytics to help companies in Africa’s emerging e-commerce sector manage inventory and deliver more efficiently. Delivery Science offer to completely manage a company’s logistics from what’s in the warehouse to innovative ideas like verification codes for deliveries to ensure the right person gets a package.
Future moves: The company was started this year by a team who have successfully launched other startups and who are knowledgeable in delivery and logistics. They have the right idea and the knowledge to serve the market in Nigeria.
Where: Ghana
In a nutshell: Out-of-the-box payroll management application.
What’s unique: Right now, many companies in Ghana still use spreadsheets to organize employee pay. Paysail offers an all-in-one service that comes with Ghanian tax codes programmed in to make company accountants’ jobs easier.
Future moves: It’s a new idea. It’s different. Most of the companies — like this one — that are incubated in the Meltwater Entrepreneurial School of Technology in Ghana try to reach other markets. Right now, no one is doing anything like this in next-door Nigeria, which means the Paysail application has opportunity to offer an incredible change.
Where: Nigeria, pan-Africa
In a nutshell: Training graduates as developers, matching them with employers
What’s unique: Andela is focused on helping employers from all over the world find talent from Africa. They take it a step further by identifying raw talent and paying them to learn to become developers, then matching them with global employers looking for talent. The company currently has a local office in Nigeria and a company in the United States.
Future moves: This company’s approach is very smart. In Africa there is a desperate need for talent — we don’t have enough developers, let alone quality developers, because universities don’t qualify graduates in technologies for the future. There is also a huge market globally, so this company has a massive opportunity.
Where: Kenya, all of Africa.
In a nutshell: A self-powered, mobile WiFi device.
What’s unique: BRCK is a blackbox described by its makers as “a backup generator for the internet,” with the aim of solving Africa’s connectivity issues. In Africa, there are power outages on a daily basis so getting online and staying online anywhere and anytime in these parts as well as other parts of the world requires a device that can seamlessly switch between multiple networks to provide access, even in remote areas. That’s where BRCK comes in.
Future moves: This product is quite ingenious. The potential impact and scale of this company is the reason it closed a $ 1.2 million seed funding round, after initially raising $ 172,000 in a Kickstarter campaign last year. BRCK has the potential to provide internet connectivity to rural areas across the world, where Internet access can be unstable.
- Google debuted its new, fully functioning driverless car prototype
- The round white car still includes temporary manual controls for a back-up driver
- While cute, the vehicle still has many serious issues to address before it can hit public roads
(CNN) — Google’s new driverless-car prototype is downright hugable.
The company unveiled its latest self-driving vehicle on Monday, and it looks like a cartoon koala crossed with a smart car wearing a fez.
Unlike the mock-up car Google first shared in May, this version is fully functional. It even has real headlights. The round, white and gray car is designed without permanent driving tools like a gas pedal or wheel. However, to comply with California state law, there are still removable, temporary controls for the required “safety driver” — a real person who needs to be in the car and ready to take over in an emergency. The goal is to eventually remove any interior controls so that passengers can take a nap or knit while the car does all the work.
Google’s self-driving car team will continue to test the vehicle on a private track in California, where it works its way around traffic lights and mock construction zones. Google has said it’s interested in launching a pilot program for the cars in the coming years.
When the tech company first started experimenting with self-driving technology, it modified existing cars, like a Toyota, Audi and Lexus, by adding multiple cameras and sensors and an onboard computer. Now Google has moved on to making its own car from scratch. The car’s dome-like shape is optimal for giving sensors the widest field of view.
A car could help put people’s minds at ease about the controversial technology. Before self-driving cars can start ferrying us to work, companies need figure out ethical issues (does it hit a deer or crash into the median?), improve basic driving functions, and work with governments on legislation to allow driverless cars on all roads.
Google is just one of many companies developing driverless car technology. Universities and major auto manufacturers such as BMW and Mercedes are working on similar vehicles. Google hopes to have its version on the road by the end of the decade.
- The podcast “Serial” ends Thursday
- It’s drawn millions of viewers in its first season
- Here’s a look at the podcast by the numbers
(CNN) — The podcast “Serial” is wrapping up its first season on Thursday as a bona fide success.
Since its debut in the fall, the podcast has captured the attention of millions of listeners as it unraveled the story of a young woman’s murder in Baltimore in 1999. According to CNN Money, it’s become so popular that it’s even giving other podcasts a boost.
Just how much of an impact has “Serial” had on popular culture? Let’s take a look at the numbers:
12 – Weekly episodes in Season 1 of “Serial.”
January 13, 1999 – The date of Baltimore, Maryland, area high school student Hae Min Lee’s murder.
2 – Number of trials. The first ended in a mistrial. The second ended in Adnan Syed’s conviction in 2000.
Life plus 30 years – Syed’s sentence.
4 – Number of potential suspects discussed by the podcast.
20 – Percentage of respondents to Buzzfeed’s unscientific “Definitive ‘Serial’ Obsessive Poll” who feel unsure as to whether Syed is guilty or not.
7 – Percent who think he is guilty.
21 minutes – Time frame during which the prosecutors alleged Syed was able to drive from Woodlawn High School to the neighborhood Best Buy, where Hae was strangled. During episode five, host Sarah Koenig and her producer, Dana, attempt to recreate the drive in that time, and make it.
5 million – “Serial” is the fastest podcast ever to reach 5 million downloads, according to Apple.
1.26 million – The average number of times each episode of “Serial” has been downloaded.
1 – Podcasts created to discuss the “Serial” podcast: Slate.com has the “Slate Serial Spoiler Special.”
39 million – Americans who have listened to a podcast in the past month, from a report by Edison Research.
About 28,000 – Members of a subreddit on Reddit.com for talking about the case.
$ 25,000 – Amount some subredditors want to raise for a scholarship fund in Hae Min Lee’s name.
8 – Students from the Innocence Project Clinic at the University of Virginia School of Law who are helping with the podcast by researching and investigating leads.
At least 1,275 – Retweets of a joke made by Best Buy on Twitter about “Serial.” “We have everything you need – Unless you need a payphone.” This references a lengthy discussion of testimony about calls purportedly made from a pay phone in the parking lot of the Best Buy store. However, the existence of the pay phone back in 1999 is disputed. The tweet was later deleted and replaced with an apology from Best Buy.
The Kepler space observatory is the first NASA mission capable of finding Earth-size planets in or near the habitable zones of stars. Launched in 2009, Kepler has been detecting planets and planet candidates with a wide range of sizes and orbital distances. Yes, we are finding new planets.
No probe has ever gone to Pluto, but New Horizons aims to change that. The craft, launched in 2006, is set to arrive at the solar system’s tiny former planet in June 2015. The image here depicts New Horizons sailing past Jupiter.
Dawn is designed to orbit the protoplanet Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres — the two most massive bodies in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. The mission, launched in 2007, will provide scientists with new knowledge of how the solar system formed and evolved. Dawn arrived at Vesta in 2011 and will orbit Ceres in March.
This image shows the Curiosity Mars rover doing a test drill on a rock dubbed “Bonanza King” to see if it would be a good place to dig deeper and to take a sample. Curiosity is the most advanced rover ever built, and is seeking to see if Mars is, or ever was, habitable for life forms.
This image was taken on March 10, 2013, by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft. Launched in 1997, the probe is orbiting Saturn and its numerous moons. Cassini has provided new understanding, not to mention breathtaking photos, of that corner of the solar system.
NEOWISE may be making us safer. The mission uses a space telescope to hunt for asteroids and comets, including those that could pose a threat to Earth. During its planned three-year survey — through 2016 — NEOWISE will rapidly identify and characterize near-Earth objects, gathering data on their size and other measurements.
An artist’s rendering of the Deep Impact flyby spacecraft releasing its impactor, 24 hours before the impact event, in July 2005. Pictured from left to right are comet Tempel 1, the impactor and the flyby spacecraft. The impactor was a 370-kilogram mass with an onboard guidance system. The flyby spacecraft included a solar panel, a high-gain antenna, a debris shield and instruments for high- and medium-resolution imaging, infrared spectroscopy and optical navigation (yellow box and cylinder, lower left).
The Stardust spacecraft, shown in an artist’s rendering, was launched on February 7, 1999, from Cape Canaveral, Florida, aboard a Delta II rocket. The primary goal of Stardust was to collect dust and carbon-based samples during its closest encounter with Comet Wild 2 (pronounced “Vilt 2,” named after its Swiss discoverer).
The Surveyor series of missions was the first U.S. effort to make a soft landing on the Moon. The missions tested the high-energy Atlas/Centaur rocket and new spacecraft design; two-way communications to control spacecraft activities from the ground; and a groundbreaking, elegant landing method, with three steerable rocket engines controlled by onboard radar.
A model of Explorer 1, held by JPL’s Director William Pickering, scientist James Van Allen and rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun (from left to right). The team was gathered at a news conference at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington to announce the satellite’s successful launch. America’s first satellite had been launched a few hours before, on January 31, 1958.
Of all the NASA missions, none has visited as many planets, rings and moons as the twin Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft, which were launched in 1977. Voyager 1, now more than twice as distant as Pluto, is farther from Earth than any other object made by humans.
- NASA spacecraft, once thought junk, gets new life
- Kepler has now found another exoplanet — a planet outside our solar system
- New planet is 2.5 times the diameter of Earth, orbits star 180 light-years away
(CNN) — Kepler is still on the beat.
The NASA spacecraft, which is designed to seek out other worlds but hit a snag when parts failed last year, found another planet thanks to some nifty repurposing by the space agency and its partners, NASA confirmed Thursday.
The recently found world is named HIP 116454b and has a diameter 2.5 times the size of Earth’s, said NASA in a press release. That would make it smaller than Neptune, the next-largest planet in our solar system.
HIP 116454b orbits its star, which is in the direction of the constellation Pisces, in nine days and is too close to support life as we know it, the agency added. It’s 180 light-years away.
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But it adds another tidbit to our knowledge of the universe — something scientists didn’t think was possible when a part of the craft broke down last year.
“Last summer, the possibility of a scientifically productive mission for Kepler after its reaction wheel failure in its extended mission was not part of the conversation,” said Paul Hertz, NASA’s astrophysics division director, in a statement.
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But scientists and engineers came up with a new strategy that uses pressure from sunlight to take the place of the failed reaction wheel, which helps point the spacecraft in the right direction. Kepler is now free to continue its mission, called K2 by NASA.
“K2 is uniquely positioned to dramatically refine our understanding of these alien worlds and further define the boundary between rocky worlds like Earth and ice giants like Neptune,” said Kepler/K2 project scientist Steve Howell in NASA’s press release.
Let the hunt continue.
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A new software tool called Kinematics makes it easy to turn plastic into posh duds.
Boston-based design studio Nervous System, led by Jessica Rosenkrantz and Jesse Louis-Rosenberg developed Kinematics after previously working on a similar project for Google.
This little black dress is made from tiny, interlocking bricks of plastic.
“Frankly, when you work on something complex like this in a completely digital world for so long, the biggest surprise is that it actually works as intended, from the compressing to the fit, draping, and movement,” says Rosenkrantz.
An X-Ray of the chain mail like material reveals the hidden hinges.
The printing process takes over two days and results in a boulder-sized block of dusty plastic.
Technicians excavate the dress hidden in the mass of plastic.
At $ 3,000 a pop, don’t expect to see Kinematics clothing on bargain racks, but it is making a mark on fashion and tech.
- A design studio has created a 3D printed dress that sways like real fabric
- The software behind the process combines origami techniques with 3D printing
- The company originally developed the concept as part of a Google project
- At $ 3,000 a pop, it isn’t quite ready for the retail market yet
Editor’s note: Tomorrow Transformed explores innovative approaches and opportunities available in business and society through technology.
(WIRED) — The design studio Nervous System has created a novel process that allows a 3-D printed dress to move and sway like real fabric. The bespoke software behind it, called Kinematics, combines origami techniques with novel approaches to 3-D printing, pushing the technology’s limits.
Instead of pinning fabric to a dress form, a Kinematics garment starts as a 3-D model in a CAD program. Kinematics breaks the model down into tessellated, triangular segments of varying sizes. Designers can control the size, placement, and quantity of the triangles in a Javascript-based design tool and preview how the changes will impact the polygonal pinafore. Once the designer is satisfied, algorithms add hinges to the triangles uniting the garment into a single piece and compress the design into the smallest possible shape to optimise the printing process, often reducing the volume by 85 percent.
After two days of printing at Shapeways, a dusty boulder of plastic emerges from an industrial-sized 3-D printer. Technicians remove excess dust like archeologists in search of a long-buried garment. The plastic parts are cleaned and dyed, resulting in a little black (or white) dress made from tiny, interlocking bricks of plastic.
No Gimmicks for this Gown
Designer Jessica Rosenkrantz made sure the gown was more than mere gimmickry. Buttons, cleverly modelled into the triangles make it easy to don and doff. Unlike other 3-D printed clothing that feels like a suit of armour, the long dress flows and moves as the model strides and twirls.
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Comfort was a key concern. Rosenkrantz wore 3-D printed jewellery for weeks at a time in an attempt to catch design features that chafe. She built her wardrobe piece by piece, starting with a bracelet, then a belt, and finally a bodice before moving on to a dress. Rosenkrantz brought an old-school tailor’s approach to the project, but was happy to leverage modern technology. For example, 3-D scans of the model’s body ensured a perfect fit. She worked with Shapeways to optimise the print quality and aesthetics. As a result, her garment and its Github repository recently were acquired by the Museum of Modern Art.
Making It Work
Nervous System originally developed the Kinematics concept as part of a project for Google. The goal was to help add bit of cool to a pavilion promoting Android phones. Nervous System figured out how to print bracelets on MakerBots by reducing dimensional designs to flat pieces of plastic that could be printed in under an hour and folded like origami. Google was pleased with the promotion, but Nervous System believed the concept could be used to make garments. “We’d done some simulations and made some animations showing that we could do it hypothetically,” says Rosenkrantz.
These hypothetical simulations precipitated a software engineering effort one year in the making. Scaling up from a wrist-worn wearables to cocktail dress posed a particular challenge. The hinges linking the triangles must be small enough to let the fabric flow, but robust enough to avoid a wardrobe malfunction.
These mechanical challenges were exacerbated by limitations in 3-D printing technology. Pieces made with the technology have a grain, like wood, and certain orientations create stronger parts. The solution was to revamp the software. “We were able to do so much design-wise without ever printing anything,” says Rosenkrantz. “We knew not only exactly what the final piece would look like but also how it would behave.” Simulating folds was slow and inaccurate at first. Test prints of belts with 77 hinges worked beautifully, but scaling up to the 700 or more needed to create a dress repeatedly broke the software. Physics engines were tossed aside like fabric swatches.
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Originally, the simulator would fold the clothes down into a ball. “Sort of like you are wadding clothes up to toss in you hamper,” says Rosenkrantz. “It looked cool but it wasn’t the most efficient way to get the volume of our designs down.” So Rosenkrantz and partner Jesse Louis-Rosenberg developed a collision-based simulator that replicates how one might fold clothes to put them in a drawer.
The project pushed design, fashion, and fabrication in surprising ways. “To 3-D print structures in this crazy compressed form and have them unfold; that almost sounds like science fiction,” says Rosenkrantz. “Frankly, when you work on something complex like this in a completely digital world for so long, the biggest surprise is that it actually works as intended, from the compressing to the fit, draping, and movement.”
Printing also required special development. Nervous System needed to develop new tools to load its software. “We’ve been working with Nervous and our community over the years to push the machines to their limits,” says Carine Carmy of Shapeways. “From how densely we can pack the trays so you can print 1,000 products at once versus just one, to how long you need to run them so we can produce products more quickly, to how precise and detailed the prints can be so that you can design with micron precision.”
Ready to Wear?
Next up for Nervous System is improving the speed and adding new mechanisms and structures that will allow simulating different materials — think of a stout tweed versus a gossamer silk. Ultimately, the team thinks can be expanded for other applications like Skylar Tibbits Hyperform project.
At $ 3,000 a pop, Nervous System isn’t quite ready to commercialise its wearable wares. “That is a very high number although perhaps considerably lower than the price of most other 3-D printed garments,” she says. “We’re hoping to bring the price down before we start selling clothing.”
Read more from WIRED:
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What Would Your Ideal, Photoshopped Face Look Like? 14 People Find Out
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Copyright 2011 Wired.com.
‘Smart drugs’ have been shown to improve memory and cognitive function
Substances such as modafinil (provigil) and piracetam are commonly used in industries such as software development.
US air force pilots were among the first to trial modafinil in 1950s tests to improve alertness.
Smart drugs are increasingly popular at Ivy League colleges such as Harvard, with surveys showing approximately one in five students are users.
The profile of cognitive enhancement substances received a boost with 2011 movie Limitless, starring Bradley Cooper as a ‘perfect’ version of himself.
Dave Asprey, CEO of The Bulletproof Executive, has done much to popularize cognitive enhancement through his yak butter-infused Bulletproof Coffee.
Th ex-Silicon Valley entrepreneur hopes the coffee will serve as a gateway to more advanced biohacking.
Smart drugs could dramatically change the way we work.
- People in high-performance industries increasingly turn to cognitive enhancement drugs, known as nootropics
- Advocates argue they can improve memory and focus, among other benefits
- Expert studies have shown few negative side effects and areas suited to the use of such substances
- Pressure on employers, regulators to take a firm position on contentious issue
Editor’s note: Smart Business explores the ways companies are thinking smart to thrive in our digitized world.
(CNN) — How did you wake yourself up this morning? Perhaps through a morning run, or hitting the yoga mat. Some favor good old caffeine, or new-age nutritional supplements.
Tom Rice, a London-based film producer in his late 20s, has a new routine. It includes a little fish oil, a shot of espresso, and 800mg of the cognitive-enhancement drug Piracetam.
“It enables you to think quicker and feel sharper,” says Rice. “Although I’ve only started recently so it’s hard to quantify the full effects.”
Rice has held a longstanding interest in nootropics — substances that improve brain function — as a means of enhancing his performance in a demanding business that requires tireless application.
“I have previously taken Modafinil (also known as Provigil) and found it incredibly useful when I really need to focus… when I have a lot of practical stuff to do, like writing emails and reading scripts.”
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The producer emphasizes the value of healthy sleep and balanced diet, but through research and networking, has also developed an open attitude to cognitive enhancement.
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“I don’t want to be on the frontier trying designer drugs but there are interesting developments that are worth keeping tabs on. Piracetam has been around since the 1970s, and from reading the accounts and the research, I felt the risk was negligible.
“I’m not desperate to find solutions to the problems I’m facing, but at the same time I’d love to find something that makes me function more effectively if it has a track record showing it is safe and effective.”
A growing trend
Rice’s approach is very far from unusual. “Smart drugs” that first entered the market in the mid-20th century, often through army experiments to keep fighters alert, have now reached saturation point in education, the start-up scene and many of the most demanding industries.
Studies have shown improved memory and focus, while establishing few negative side effects. In the US and much of Europe, nootropics are typically available only through prescription, but enthusiasts find willing suppliers from overseas.
Dave Asprey, a former Silicon Valley entrepreneur and now CEO of The Bulletproof Executive, producing cognitive enhancement substances, says that use is now commonplace at the highest levels of business.
“When I meet people through work who run companies have many zeroes in their bank accounts, it’s uncommon that they don’t have a baggie full of supplements. They say ‘this is what I take for my brain.'”
This represents progress based on improved understanding of biology and brain function, Asprey believes.
“Intelligent people want to control their own biology. We understand neural pathways better so we can create custom supplements that help the brain work better, and improve energy so that tasks that required drudgery don’t seem so hard…Cognitive burdens can become effortless.”
Michael Schrage, MIT Center for Digital Business
“There is great evidence that natural and pharmaceutical supplements can increase energy, and measurably change your ability to focus and relax.”
The CEO cites “entrepreneurs and disruptive innovators” as demographics that have been quick to adopt and benefit from cognitive enhancement, as well as people over 50 that want to retain their mental sharpness.
Challenge to business culture
The growing spread of these substances create conundrums for business and employers.
“Where can you draw the line between Red Bull, six cups of coffee and a prescription drug that keeps you more alert,” says Michael Schrage of the MIT Center for Digital Business, who has studied the phenomenon. “You can’t draw the line meaningfully – some organizations have cultures where it is expected that employees go the extra mile to finish an all-nighter. “
“If you work at a company with espresso machines all over the place I don’t think your boss will be surprised if you have prescription for an amphetamine.”
Schrage associates the spread of such substances with “high performance industries” such as trading, investment banking, journalism and software development. He views them as within a holistic field of performance enhancement that includes big data analytics, traditional nutrition and behavior — anything for an edge.
“For the companies it’s a question of culture — do they care more about the person or performance? Some company managers care, some don’t. Some only care about the quality of work and anything else is your (the employee’s) issue.”
Schrage adds that given the global race between businesses, it would be a risk for US companies to crack down on substances that competitors abroad could benefit from.
Risks and rewards
Neuroscientist and leading cognitive enhancement expert Professor Barbara Sahakian of the University of Cambridge feel there is value in the field, albeit tempered with uncertainty.
“I’m keen for government to look at this closely because some of them could be useful. Modafinil is licensed in the US for shift work because it keeps people awake and can help prevent accidents.”
“Modafinil seems more effective and efficient with lower side effects than caffeine, and there has been a lot of discussion about the safety of young people drinking a lot of Red Bull…if people are going to enhance themselves to stay awake longer it would be better to have safe methodologies.”
Sahakian would like to see further studies into the long term effects of Modafinil and other substances on healthy users, which could enable it to become more accessible, rather than the current supply route typically from unregulated international suppliers that may use dubious ingredients.
The professor’s studies with impaired users have found that Modafinil does improve cognitive function, in areas such as memory retention and task-related motivation. Initial follow-ups with healthy volunteers have shown similarly encouraging results.
Results also showed suitability is heightened for certain roles: “We found it improved the ability to start down one pathway but then find a new solution, which is particularly relevant to entrepreneurs.”
In addition to further safety tests, Sahakian believes ethical issues must be taken into account.
“There could be concerns about coercion. If these drugs are normalized within a company, would everyone be expected to take them?”
Yet a landmark British academy report into the effect of enhancement in the workplace addressed the question from the perspective of equality — whether all employees would have fair access to the drugs and their potential benefits.
As the smart pills continue to cut a swathe through the working world, it is no longer possible to ignore them.
This bio-drone might resemble a propeller-powered egg carton, but already the designers say it has the ability to fly into environmentally sensitive areas and leave almost no trace.
Made from a substance that combines mushroom fibres and cloned paper wasp spit, Lynn Rothschild, the NASA developer guiding students from Stanford-Brown-Spelman working on the project, says the drone could be made to disappear simply by crashing it into a stream or puddle.
The team grew cellulose “leather” to coat the fungal body of the flying craft and then covered the sheets with proteins sourced from the saliva of paper wasps — a water resistant material that the insects use to cover their nests.
The team is working on perfecting the biodegradable drone and is studying how to build its sensors from modified E. coli bacteria, the bacteria most commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals.
The circuits are printed from silver nanoparticle ink in an effort to make the machine as biodegradable as possible.
- NASA is guiding a team building a bio-drone that can self-destruct and leave no trace if it crashes
- The drone is made from a substance that combines mushroom fibers called mycelium
- The unmanned aerial vehicle is also coated in substance made from a protein found in wasp spit
- NASA says the UAV could be used to fly into environmentally sensitive areas such as coral reefs
Editor’s note: Tomorrow Transformed explores innovative approaches and opportunities available in business and society through technology.
(CNN) — A bio-drone that dissolves after use leaving no trace it ever existed may sound like the stuff of a James Bond film, but NASA and a team of researchers are actually building one.
Made from a substance that combines mushroom fibers and cloned paper wasp spit, the drone might resemble a propeller-powered egg carton, but its designers say it has the ability to fly into environmentally sensitive areas and leave almost no trace.
Lynn Rothschild, the NASA developer guiding students from Stanford-Brown-Spelman working on the project, says the drone could be made to disappear simply by ditching it into a stream or puddle.
She said her interest in unmanned aerial vehicles was sparked by work on environmentally sensitive areas in her Earth Science group at NASA.
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“Periodically, UAVs get lost — for example on coral reefs or in other sensitive habitats,” she said in an interview with the project team.
“As I started to hear about this, I thought, ‘Well, wouldn’t it be useful if the UAV was biodegradable, so if it crashed somewhere that was sensitive, it wouldn’t matter if it dissolved.”
The mushroom-like substance known as mycelium, which makes up the chassis of the drone, is being hailed as the new plastic — a plastic that has the advantage of degrading quickly.
The team grew cellulose “leather” to coat the fungal body of the flying craft and then covered the sheets with proteins sourced from the saliva of paper wasps — a water resistant material that the insects use to cover their nests.
The circuits are printed from silver nanoparticle ink in an effort to make the machine as biodegradable as possible.
Despite a heavy preponderance of biological parts, the team said the project had its limits.
“There are definitely parts that can’t be replaced by biology, ” said Stanford University’s Raman Nelakanti.
At its first short flight at the International Genetically Engineered Machine competition in Boston, the team used a standard battery, motor and propellers to fly the drone.
Nevertheless, the team is working on making other parts biodegradable and is studying how to build its sensors from modified E. coli bacteria, the bacteria most commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals.
Raman Nelakant, Stanford Universit.
The team said that ultimately the drone could be sent into areas where it might not be expected to return such as wildfires or nuclear accidents, sending data and never coming back.
While the parts degrade naturally, the team also experimented with enzymes that would help the drone self-destruct, breaking it down further on impact.
Creating a drone that does not infect the environment has been another challenge for the team.
“If you have living organisms acting as biosensors and the plane crashes, there certainly could be problems as the plane interacts with the environment,” Rothschild said.
“Hopefully people could think of this in advance, and design such that this never becomes a problem.
“For example, on crashing, the cells might die. Or the cells could be attenuated. There are all sorts of other processes to keep them from contaminating the environment. But that, to me, is the largest concern with a biological UAV – having living things on the UAV.”
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- “Mutant Giant Spider Dog” was 2014’s top YouTube video
- The clip by a Polish actor got more than 113 million views
- “First Kiss” and a bendable iPhone also made the top 10
- “Walking in NYC” sparked street harassment conversation
(CNN) — Mutant horrors, singers and kissing strangers had a big year on YouTube.
All of the above joined soccer stars, a bending iPhone, a beer commercial and a dose of street activism on the video site’s list of the most popular posts of 2014.
S.A. Wardega, a Polish actor, director and Web prankster, scored the top spot with “Mutant Giant Spider Dog,” which had scared up more than 113 million views since he posted it in September.
In it, Wardega films people in everyday situations into which he unleashes his otherwise cute dog, Chica, wearing a costume that gives the pooch eight giant, creepy spider legs.
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It wasn’t without a dose of controversy.
“Someone reported a SpiderDog video to the prosecution claiming that threatening (sic) endangered the life of the people who were there,” Wardega, whose first name is Sylwester, wrote in September on his Facebook page. “I wonder who will go to jail? Me or Chica? Or maybe a spider costume?”
Taking the No. 3 spot, behind a Nike ad featuring soccer stars like Ronaldo and Wayne Rooney, was “First Kiss,” a social experiment of sorts in which complete strangers are brought together and asked to kiss each other.
Except, this one wasn’t exactly as it first appeared. It was commissioned by Wren Studio, a small clothing company, to showcase a new clothing line. Almost all of those awkward strangers were, in fact, models.
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“In all fairness, the people in the video could still be classified as ‘strangers’ by definition, but that’s like calling a kid who plays Call of Duty for 12 hours a day ‘an amateur’,” read a Complex article titled “That Adorable ‘First Kiss’ Video That Everyone Is Talking About Is a Fake.”
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Director Tatia Pilieva said there was never an intent to deceive anyone, noting that the video begins with the words “Wren presents …” and the clothing company is mentioned in the credits.
“It felt so real and sincere and it was,” she told the New York Times, saying each couple really did meet for the first time the day they shot. “They shed all these layers in front of our eyes and in front of the cameras and that sweetness and kindness resonated with people.”
The Internet appears not to mind. The video has more than 94 million views.
In fifth place is the video that launched a million tech-blog posts — the “iPhone 6 Plus Bend Test.”
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Unbox Therapy, a Web video series focusing on consumer electronics, posted a video after online reports began popping up of Apple’s massive, new phone bending in people’s pockets.
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The September video, which has racked up more than 59 million views, shows a host, Lewis Hilsenteger, bending one of the aluminum phones with his hands.
Not that the problem, if it is one, has scared many folks away. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus sold 10 million units in their first weekend on the market and have continued to break sales records in the months since.
Another creepy prank, “Devil Baby Attack,” took the No. 8 spot with nearly 49 million views and the team behind the goofy “Epic Rap Battles” scored with the No. 9 video, “Goku vs. Superman,” which got nearly 41 million views.
A more serious effort rounded out the Top 10 list. Tenth place went to “10 Hours Walking in NYC as a Woman,” by anti-harassment group Hollaback. In it, a woman in jeans and a T-shirt is recorded walking as, one after another, men comment on her appearance, sometimes aggressively.
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The video, which has more than 37.5 million views, sparked conversations everywhere about the prevalence of street harassment, as well as issues ranging from the role race, culture and geography play in public conversation to Web abuse (the subject of the video received rape and death threats online).
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Also on YouTube’s top 10 for the year were a nun’s performance on the Italian version of “The Voice” (No. 4), a performance by a kid hip-hop duo on “Britain’s Got Talent,” (No. 6) and Budweiser’s Super Bowl commercial, “Puppy Love” (No. 9).
Katy Perry’s “Dark Horse” was the most popular music video of the year.
The 20th Anniversary PlayStation 4 comes in the gray color of the original PlayStation and bears other imagery harking back to the history of the console. Only 12,300 will be released globally, a nod to 12/3, or December 3, the date the console was released in Japan in 1994. Here’s a look at the console through the years.
The original PlayStation was a 32-bit console released in Japan on December 3, 1994 and in North America and elsewhere in September of the following year. It sold for $ 299 and became the first gaming console to ship more than 10 million units over the next decade.
Pop superstar Michael Jackson plays Sony’s then-new PlayStation in May 1995 as Sony Corp of America CEO Michael Schulhof, left, and Phil Harrison of Sony Computer Entertainment-Europe look on. This photo was taken at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles.
The PlayStation’s sequel, the PlayStation 2, wasn’t released until 2000. It upgraded to a 128-bit “Emotion Engine” CPU and added support for CD-ROMs. It would go on to sell more than 155 million units and run more than 3,870 game titles.
Sony PlayStation fans wait in line to purchase the new Sony PlayStation 2 on October 25, 2000 at the Sony Metreon in San Francisco, California. Crowds began waiting at 6:30 a.m. for the $ 299 game console which went on sale at midnight. PlayStation 2 remains the top-selling video-game console of all time.
The PlayStation 3 was released in November 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-Ray disc storage and utilized the online PlayStation Network. Such was the excitement for the new console that there were reports of fans fighting for spaces in line in advance of its release.
Gaming fans play PlayStation 3’s Hitman Absolution at the E3 videogame extravaganza in Los Angeles on June7, 2012. Some 45,700 video game industry professionals, investor analysts, retailers and journalists from over a hundered countries attended the expo.
The PlayStation 3 was first announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in 2005, and was released in late 2006. It was originally available with 20 and 60 GB hard drives, but later, gamers could buy up to 500 GB of storage for the machines
The PS4 heralded the console world’s move into multi-media, offering a Blu-ray player as well as the ability to stream Web video from apps like Netflix. Launched in November 2013, its computing power and graphics were significantly advanced from previous models.
Joey Chiu, 24, of Brooklyn, left, buys the first PlayStation 4 sold in North America at a launch event presented by Sony Entertainment Network on November 14 in New York City.
So-called next generation consoles like the PS4 have pushed new boundaries with their graphics capabilities. When “Dark Sorcerer,” a comedic demo, was shown on a PlayStation 4 last year, some at a Sony event weren’t sure whether they were seeing animation or live actors.
- The Sony PlayStation was launched in Japan on December 3, 1994.
- Sony is releasing a limited-edition 20th Anniversary PlayStation 4.
- Only 12,300 of the units will be sold.
(CNN) — The PlayStation gaming console wrapped up its second decade on Wednesday, and Sony celebrated by looking to the past.
The Japanese tech giant announced that a limited edition 20th Anniversary PlayStation 4 will be released soon. The console will be gray, like the first PlayStation released December 3, 1994 in Japan. It will include other imagery like the iconic four-color PlayStation logo that harks back to the system’s history.
“The mid-’90s were an exciting time for game developers, driven by the explosion of powerful but affordable 3-D graphics rendering hardware and the birth of many young and adventurous development studios,” Shuhei Yoshida, president of Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios, wrote in the post on the PlayStation blog. “The original PlayStation was meant to embody that sense of adventure and discovery, that sense that anything was possible.”
The PlayStation sold a then unheard-of 100,000 units in its first weekend and hit 1 million units in six months, according to Sony.
Only 12,300 units of the 20th Anniversary PS4 will be released, according to a video on the blog post. Pre-orders will begin Saturday, and details about how to vie for one of the handful of slots will come during a keynote presentation from PlayStation Experience, a fan and developer expo being held in Las Vegas.
The keynote will be Saturday at 1 p.m. ET.
To celebrate the 20th anniversary, we assembled a gallery of images of the PlayStation, and the people who love it, from the past two decades. Take a look, and let us know what you think in the comments below.